![]() ![]() erectus is a chronospecies and was never extinct, so its "late survival" is a matter of taxonomic convention. One million years after its dispersal, H. Known Neanderthal range with separate populations in Europe and the Caucasus (blue), the Near East (orange), Uzbekistan (green), and the Altai region (purple) Bednarik has suggested that Homo erectus may have built rafts and sailed oceans, a theory that has raised some controversy. Western Europe was first populated around 1.2 million years ago ( Atapuerca). ![]() Southeast Asia ( Java) was reached about 1.7 million years ago ( Meganthropus). The archaeological site of Xihoudu ( 西侯渡) in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded use of fire by Homo erectus, which is dated 1.27 million years ago. Artefacts from Majuangou III and Shangshazui in the Nihewan basin, north China, have been dated to 1.6–1.7 Ma. Two Homo erectus incisors have been found near Yuanmou, south China, and are dated to 1.7 Mya, and a cranium from Lantian has been dated to 1.63 Ma. Key sites for this early migration out of Africa are Riwat in Pakistan (~2 Ma? ), Ubeidiya in the Levant (1.5 Ma) and Dmanisi in the Caucasus (1.81 ± 0.03 Ma, p=0.05 ).Ĭhina shows evidence of Erectus from 2.12 Mya in Gongwangling in Lantian county. Its distribution is traced by the Oldowan lithic industry, by 1.3 million years ago extending as far north as the 40th parallel ( Xiaochangliang). Homo erectus dispersed throughout most of the Old World, reaching as far as Southeast Asia. This migration has been proposed as being related to the operation of the Saharan pump, around 1.9 million years ago. Around 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus migrated out of Africa via the Levantine corridor and Horn of Africa to Eurasia. Finally, Polynesia was populated within the past 2,000 years in the last wave of the Austronesian expansion.Įarly humans (before Homo sapiens) īetween 2 and less than a million years ago, Homo spread throughout East Africa and to Southern Africa ( Homo ergaster), but not yet to West Africa. Arctic Canada and Greenland were reached by the Paleo-Eskimo expansion around 4,000 years ago. Īfter the Last Glacial Maximum, North Eurasian populations migrated to the Americas about 20,000 years ago. The migrating modern human populations are known to have interbred with earlier local populations, so that contemporary human populations are descended in small part (below 10% contribution) from regional varieties of archaic humans. These fossils seem to represent failed dispersal attempts by early Homo sapiens, who were likely replaced by local Neanderthal populations. Modern humans spread across Europe about 40,000 years ago.Įarly Eurasian Homo sapiens fossils have been found in Israel and Greece, dated to 194,000–177,000 and 210,000 years old respectively. ![]() The recent African origin paradigm suggests that the anatomically modern humans outside of Africa descend from a population of Homo sapiens migrating from East Africa roughly 70–50,000 years ago and spreading along the southern coast of Asia and to Oceania by about 50,000 years ago. Within Africa, Homo sapiens dispersed around the time of its speciation, roughly 300,000 years ago. Early hominids had likely crossed land bridges that have now sunk. heidelbergensis, which lived around 500,000 years ago and was the likely ancestor of Denisovans and Neanderthals as well as modern humans. This initial migration was followed by other archaic humans including H. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions out of Africa by Homo erectus. Putative migration waves out of Africa and back migrations into the continent, as well as the locations of major ancient human remains and archeological sites (López et al.2015).Įarly human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. ![]()
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